Observational studyMedicine2025
Global and regional burden of gout in middle-aged adults, 1990-2021, with projections to 2046: An observational study analysis for GBD 2021.
Observational study in Medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The prevalence of gout among middle-aged populations are rising notably. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data on their global burden and epidemiological trends. This study aimed to examine the global trend of gout in middle-aged populations from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. Using GBD 2021, this study evaluated trends of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs) of gout in middle-aged populations. Multidimensional stratification analyzed temporal patterns, sex patterns, geographic variations, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Comprehensive methods included Estimated Annual Percentage Change, Joinpoint regression, decomposition analysis, and Nordpred predictive modeling. From 1990 to 2021, the global burden of gout in middle-aged populations increased significantly, with prevalence, incidence, and YLDs rising by 154%, 147%, and 153% respectively, and age-standardized rates all showing an upward trend. High SDI regions exhibited the highest standardized rates. Furthermore, High-income North America had the highest standardized rates. The burden of gout was significantly higher in men than in women. Projections are expected to continue to rise by 2046, with a larger increase in men. The global burden of gout in middle-aged adults has increased significantly from 1990 to 2021, with marked regional and national disparities and a stronger correlation with higher SDI. Our study uniquely focuses on the middle-aged population, a group increasingly affected by gout but often overlooked in previous research. Projections indicate a continued upward trend through 2046, especially among men. It is strongly recommended to strengthen targeted prevention measures in high-burden regions and among middle-aged adults.
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