Gene therapy for epilepsy: An emerging, promising approach for a serious neurological disorder.

Gene therapy is emerging as a groundbreaking strategy for treating epilepsy, offering new hope to patients who do not respond to conventional medications. Despite advancements in anti-seizure treatments, nearly 30%-40% of individuals with epilepsy continue to experience uncontrolled seizures, highlighting the urgent need for more effective and long-lasting solutions. By addressing the underlying causes of epilepsy at the genetic level, gene therapy represents a paradigm shift in treatment. Two key approaches are being explored: (1) activating or supplementing beneficial genes to suppress seizures and (2) silencing harmful genes or pathways that contribute to epilepsy. To achieve these objectives, viral vectors, such as adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses, have shown promise in delivering targeted genetic interventions. In parallel, cutting-edge techniques such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-based gene editing are enhancing the precision of these therapies, enabling greater control over neuronal activity. However, significant challenges exist, including ensuring safe and efficient gene delivery, maintaining long-term therapeutic effects, and mitigating potential side effects. This review examines recent developments in gene therapy for epilepsy, assessing its potential to deliver targeted, long-lasting treatments for drug-resistant epilepsy. By examining current strategies, therapeutic targets, and emerging technologies, it provides insights into the promising future of gene therapy as a transformative tool in epilepsy treatment and summarizes current clinical trials utilizing gene and cell therapy technologies for epilepsy.