ArticleBMC emergency medicine2025
Analysis of violent attacks on emergency medical technicians in Ghana: a structural equation modelling approach.
Article in BMC emergency medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Police as de facto first responders in trauma systems in low- and middle-income countries: Training, governance, and the impact of insecurity.Trauma surgery & acute care open · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundEmergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) play a crucial role in healthcare, yet they frequently encounter violence in the line of duty. The incidence of violence against EMTs in Ghana is still not well understood, and it is a problem that is frequently ignored.
objectiveThis study investigates the impact of different perpetrators on violent attacks against EMTs in Ghana, examining how emergencies mediate these incidents. The study focuses on EMTs from the Ghana National Ambulance Service (NAS) across three key regions: Greater Accra, Ashanti, and the Northern Region, with a total sample size of 336 EMTs. The main population of the study consisted of EMTs, and the Partial Least Squares structural equation technique was used for data analysis.
methodsA multistage sampling technique was employed to ensure systematic coverage across regions, with sample sizes proportionally calculated based on the distribution of EMTs. Data was collected using a Likert scale questionnaire to capture EMTs’ experiences and perspectives across various dimensions.
findingsThe study reveals that high-stress emergencies significantly influence the types of violence EMTs experience. These situations increase the likelihood of both physical assaults and verbal abuse. The identity of the perpetrators, including relatives, doctors, and nurses, is also a significant factor in the occurrence of violence. Moreover, the nature of emergencies mediates the relationship between perpetrators and the types of violent incidents, emphasising the importance of situational factors in understanding and preventing violence against EMTs.
conclusionIn conclusion, High-stress emergencies contribute to violence against EMTs, with perpetrators playing a crucial role. The study suggests enhancing safety training, strengthening security, raising public awareness, implementing legal reforms, and providing mental health support. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: Not applicable
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