SynthesisInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2025
Human Immune Response to Influenza Neuraminidase After Vaccination: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Human Immune Response to Influenza Neuraminidase After Vaccination: A Systematic Review.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- Article
- Population Immunity to Influenza Neuraminidase: From Immune Imprinting to Pandemic Preparedness.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Cross-reactive H5N1 Neuraminidase Antibodies by Age and Influenza A Imprinting Cohorts of the Past Century: Population-Based Serosurvey, British Columbia, Canada.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLicensed influenza vaccines primarily target hemagglutinin (HA)-related immunity, but neuraminidase (NA)-based immunity is gaining attention as an independent correlate of protection. Inactivated influenza vaccines contain unspecified quantities of residual NA, with limited understanding of the resulting antibody induction and durability.
methodsWe conducted a systematic literature review across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Trialtrove to identify studies reporting NA-related immunity following influenza vaccination. Primary outcomes included pre-existing and post-vaccination NA-inhibiting (NAI) antibody titers.
resultsAnalysis of 40 articles, predominantly examining split-virus vaccines, revealed NAI antibody titers increased 5-7-fold at days 8-30 post-vaccination compared to baseline across all three NA (sub)types. NAI antibody geometric mean titers showed greater variability against N1 and N2 than against influenza B virus NAs. No significant differences in pre-vaccination and post-vaccination NAI antibody titers were observed between adults (18-64 years) and the elderly (≥ 65 years) for the N1 subtype. However, statistical differences were observed post-vaccination (days 8-30) between these age groups for N2 (p = 0.04) and NB (p = 0.01) (sub)types. NAI antibody responses remained durable, persisting at 2-16-fold above pre-vaccination levels through days 91-180.
conclusionCurrent influenza vaccines induce durable NAI responses in adults for up to 6 months. These findings provide valuable insights into pre-vaccination and post-vaccination responses to residual NA, which can guide future vaccine development strategies. Enhanced understanding of NA immunogenicity should inform public health approaches to improve global influenza prevention and control.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.