ArticleEnvironment international2026
Prenatal exposure to agricultural pesticide applications and gestational diabetes mellitus in the Az-PEARS population-based study (2014-2020).
Article in Environment international, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundOrganophosphates (OP), pyrethroids (PYR), and carbamates (CAR) are pesticides widely-used for agricultural commercial purposes. Animal studies suggest that they may disrupt glucose metabolism during pregnancy. Few epidemiological studies have examined associations between OP/PYR/CAR and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk, particularly during preconception (T0) and across pregnancy (Trimesters 1-3: T1-T3).
methodsIn this population-based study, we used Az-PEARS cohort, with 475,017 births from 2014 to 2020. Birth records were linked to Arizona's Pesticide Use Reports (PUR) to assess proximity to pesticide applications from maternal residence. Single pollutant models estimated associations between 3 pesticides classes, OP/PYR/CAR, and 18 active ingredients with GDM. Pesticide exposure within 500-meter buffer of the geocoded address of delivery was classified as any vs. none and log-transformed pounds applied. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using logistic-binomial regression, adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, child sex, conception year, birth season, and T4.
resultsSeveral PYR pesticides were linked to GDM risk at T0 and T1, including beta-cyfluthrin (T1: RR = 1.18, 95 %CI: 1.06, 1.29), bifenthrin (T0: RR = 1.18, 95 %CI: 1.03, 1.34), cypermethrin (T0: RR = 2.13, 95 %CI: 1.61, 2.66), and permethrin (T0: RR = 1.17, 95 %CI: 1.10, 1.23). Additionally, OP exposure at T3 (RR = 1.11, 95 %CI: 1.02, 1.20) was associated with higher risk of GDM. Specifically, acephate, bensulide, dimethoate, and ethephon had positive associations ranging from RR = 1.11 to RR = 1.89. DISCUSSION: Exposure to pyrethroids in T0, and organophosphates in T3 are associated with higher GDM risk. Our findings suggest that critical windows of pesticide exposure may be important considerations for GDM risk.
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