ArticlePloS one2025
Tongue-tie diagnosis using the Lingual frenulum in newborn infants (LINNE) -scoring: A validation study.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Upper Lip Frenulum Findings and Breastfeeding Problems in Healthy Newborns.JAMA network open · 2026Article
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4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAnkyloglossia may restrict newborn infant's tongue movements, complicating breastfeeding. However, due to lacking evidence-based guidelines, patient selection for early frenotomy has remained a challenge. The present prospective, observation study validated a scoring aimed to detect infants who required early tongue-tie treatment. It is a part of the Lingual Frenulum in Newborn Infants (LINNE) project, investigating tongue-tie epidemiology along with a randomized treatment trial.
methodsHealthy mother-infant-dyads were assessed by independent and mutually blinded study physicians and midwives. They used the LINNE scoring, including: 1. Infant examination using a picture assessment tool for tongue-tie in breastfed babies (TABBY); 2. Maternal breastfeeding experience scoring (MBES), a psychometric testing on acute breastfeeding symptoms; 3. Three anamnestic factors associated with tongue-ties and breastfeeding problems. Validation tests were conducted using the Cronbach alpha for the whole LINNE scoring, and for the subscorings: 1. TABBY: areas under the curve (AUC), multi-rater Fleiss kappa; 2. MBES: content and construct validity and responsiveness tests; 3. Anamnesis: accuracy studies for diagnostic tests.
resultsOf the studied 556 mother-infant-dyads, 72 (12.9%) infants fulfilled the early tongue-tie treatment criteria. The overall LINNE scoring's internal consistency was acceptable (alpha = 0.723). The pooled TABBY scoring (n = 1094) accurately detected the need for treatment (AUC = 0.914, 95%CI 0.891-0.938) with moderate inter-rater agreement (kappa = 0.441, 95%CI 0.406-0.477). MBES responsiveness, content, and construct validities reached the required levels. Anamnestic factors had high specificity but fair sensibility for the tongue-tie causing breastfeeding symptoms.
conclusionThe LINNE scoring demonstrated moderate inter-rater agreement; however, the accuracy of the TABBY tool was very good with AUC 0.9 for ankyloglossia needing early treatment.
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