Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41364319›Full record

ArticleGeneral thoracic and cardiovascular surgery2026

Surgical strategy for multiple ventricular septal defects: long-term outcomes beyond 15 years.

Akihiko Higashida, Masaya Aoki, Daisuke Toritsuka, So Motono, Keijiro Ibuki, Sayaka Ozawa, Keiichi Hirono, Hironori Matsuhisa, Toshio Doi, Naoki Yoshimura

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Article in General thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

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No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Akihiko HigashidaDepartment of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan. akihikohigashida@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1509-513X
Masaya AokiDepartment of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
Daisuke ToritsukaDepartment of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
So MotonoDepartment of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
Keijiro IbukiDepartment of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Sayaka OzawaDepartment of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Keiichi HironoDepartment of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.
Hironori MatsuhisaDepartment of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
Toshio DoiDepartment of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
Naoki YoshimuraDepartment of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesThis study aimed to elucidate the long-term surgical outcomes of multiple ventricular septal defects and to determine the appropriate closure techniques according to the size, distribution, and morphology of muscular defects.

methodsA single-institutional retrospective review was performed in 127 patients with multiple ventricular septal defects who underwent biventricular repair between February 2005 and November 2020.

resultsThe cohort included 52 patients with Swiss cheese ventricular septal defects (40%) and 48 with associated cardiac malformation (37%). Among 294 repaired muscular defects, 246 (83%) were closed with the re-endocardialization technique. The felt sandwich technique or patch closure was applied to 37 muscular defects in 34 patients, including spurious multiple defects (n = 14), large defects (n = 11), and border defects (n = 9). Three of them were small but closed with the felt sandwich technique in our initial experience. The overall survival and freedom from reoperation rates at 15 years after the definitive surgery were 97.6% and 96.7%, respectively. No patient required permanent pacemaker implantation. Presence of Swiss cheese ventricular septal defects, the use of prosthetic materials, and patient body size did not negatively impact global septal motion. At the latest follow-up, 117 patients (94.3%) were New York Heart Association functional class Ι without exercise restriction.

conclusionsThe surgical strategy incorporating the re-endocardialization and felt sandwich technique provided favorable long-term outcomes. The re-endocardialization technique should be considered the procedure of choice for the majority of muscular defects, whereas large, border, or spurious multiple defects can be managed with the felt sandwich technique.

Indexed as

Cardiac Surgical ProceduresHeart Septal Defects, VentricularAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMaleReoperationRetrospective StudiesTime FactorsTreatment OutcomeFelt sandwich techniqueMultiple ventricular septal defectsRe-endocardialization techniqueSwiss-cheese ventricular septal defects

Identifiers

PMID41364319

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.