SynthesisInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2025
Refractive Error Centile Curves for Asian and Western Children and Adolescents: An Individual Level Meta-Analysis.
Synthesis in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Refractive Error Centile Curves for Asian and Western Children and Adolescents: An Individual Level Meta-Analysis.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Pooled it
- Age-continuous centile curves reveal upper-tail divergence of anisometropia in 389 056 schoolchildren: implications for risk stratification in myopia control.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Corrected Percentile Curves to Track Myopisation-The Anyang Childhood Eye Study.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Prevalence, vector evolution, and visual impact of astigmatism: a large-scale study of 79,066 children in Beijing, China.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Refractive development III: Variations in emmetropia and ametropia.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2025Article
- Baseline metrics that may predict future myopia in young children.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to generate childhood and adolescent refractive centile curves for East Asian and Western populations to facilitate evidence-based myopia control. Methods: Spherical equivalent refractive (SER) error from 70,022 eyes of participants (aged = 6-20 years) from 9 large population-based studies were included (40,132 European/North American/Australian, and 29,890 East Asian). Both cycloplegic (n = 36,344) and non-cycloplegic refraction (n = 47,314), with some studies using both techniques. A new method of adjusting the distribution of cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refractive data was developed and validated. Results: Large regional differences were found in refractive centiles, with the centiles in East Asians being more myopic than the corresponding centiles in Western children and adolescents after age 8 years. The magnitude of these regional differences among the 50th, 75th, and 90th myopia centiles increased with increasing age until stabilizing at approximately ages 16 to 18 years in female patients, higher centiles (i.e. more myopic eyes) showing less stabilization in male subjects. Multi-Gaussian models fit raw SER distributions better than Box-Cox Power Exponential (BCPE) models, particularly for more highly skewed SER distributions. Using a multivariable linear regression model, estimated cycloplegic SER distributions from non-cycloplegic SER were not significantly different from the measured distribution (Cramér-von Mises test, all P ≥ 0.41). Separate cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refractive centiles were developed for both regions. Conclusions: Population-based centile analysis offers the prospect of estimating the risk of myopia development in individuals and monitoring the treatment efficacy of myopia control interventions. This meta-analysis shows the need for age-, sex-, and region-specific reference curves.
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