Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41362990›Full record

ArticleEmerging microbes & infections2026

Predictive markers of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific cytotoxic T cell activity following Omicron breakthrough infection.

Kayla A Holder, Danielle P Ings, Keeley M Hatfield, Kathleen E Fifield, David A Barnes, Keeley A Barnable, Debbie O A Harnum, Michael D Grant

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Emerging microbes & infections, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Kayla A HolderDepartment of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
Danielle P IngsImmunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
Keeley M HatfieldImmunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
Kathleen E FifieldImmunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
David A BarnesImmunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
Keeley A BarnableImmunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.
Debbie O A HarnumNewfoundland and Labrador Health Services, St. John's, NL, Canada.
Michael D GrantImmunology and Infectious Diseases Program, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

At a population level, evaluation of vaccine efficacy and of immunity in general focuses on measuring humoral immunity, especially antibody-mediated neutralization. However, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cellular immunity are key processes for pathogen clearance and often provide broader protection against emerging variants. More information on vaccine and infection-related determinants or markers of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is needed to inform design of standardized, high throughput tests assessing these processes. We previously showed that persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 prior to vaccination (hybrid immunity) had polyfunctional CD8

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesSARS-CoV-2Spike Glycoprotein, CoronavirusT-Lymphocytes, CytotoxicAdultAgedAntibodies, ViralAntibody-Dependent Cell CytotoxicityBiomarkersBreakthrough InfectionsCD8-Positive T-LymphocytesFemaleHumansImmunity, CellularInterferon-gammaAntibodies, ViralBiomarkersCOVID-19 VaccinesInterferon-gammaSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2COVID-19Cytotoxic T cellsOmicron breakthrough infectionPolyfunctional CD8+ T cellsSARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID41362990
PMCPMC12777933

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.