ArticleJournal of family & reproductive health2025
Evaluating the Efficacy of Plasma-Activated Water in the Elimination of Pathogenic Bacteria: An Experimental Study on Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia Coli, and Staphylococcus Aureus.
Article in Journal of family & reproductive health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Green and novel cleaning method by plasma-activated water on a microfiltration membrane after apple juice clarification.Food chemistry: X · 2026Article
- Antibacterial Activity of DBD Plasma-Activated Saline Against Clinically Relevant Bacteria: Potential Applications in Family and Reproductive Health.Journal of family & reproductive health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PAW in inhibiting and eliminating four major pathogenic bacterial species: Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods: Plasma-activated water (PAW) was generated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma device (10 kV, 20 kHz, 4.5 L/min airflow). Two-pipette electrodes generated plasma columns with reactive species. Water hardness, pH, and ozone were measured in triplicate. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp. were cultured, suspended to 0.5 McFarland, diluted serially, and cultured using the pour plate method. Plasma-generating electrodes were immersed in bacterial suspensions and treated for 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Samples were cultured in triplicate using the pour plate method and colony counts were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA. Results: Plasma-activated water (PAW) significantly altered pH and hardness and exhibited high bactericidal activity. Hardness increased dramatically post-plasma, while pH decreased. Ozone levels increased with plasma exposure. Duncan's test (p < 0.05) confirmed significant bacterial reduction. PAW completely eliminated some strains within 2.5-5 minutes. PAW eliminated Pseudomonas aeruginosa at all time points. S. aureus was reduced to 78 ± 9 CFU/mL at 2.5 minutes and eliminated thereafter. E. coli was eliminated at 5-15 minutes, with 53 ± 7 CFU/mL remaining at 2.5 minutes. Salmonella spp. was reduced to 66 ± 8 CFU/mL at 2.5 minutes and eliminated thereafter. Conclusion: Increased ozone concentration along with ROS and RNS enhances disinfection, inactivating Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus within 5 minutes. Reactive species disrupt bacterial cell walls and membranes, providing antimicrobial effects. Plasma-activated water offers a portable, user-friendly, and eco-friendly alternative to chemical disinfectants for microbial decontamination in food, medical, sanitation, and hospital settings, while conserving water.
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Registered trials
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