Observational studyRMD open2025
Sex and reproductive stage modify the effect of endogenous oestrogens on coronary atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis.
Observational study in RMD open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Gut microbiota in perimenopausal atherosclerosis: the estrogen-gut-vascular axis and personalized cardiovascular prevention.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveWe explored associations between endogenous oestrogens, coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We interrogated whether these relationships varied by sex and menopause and reflected differences in inflammation and lipoprotein functions influencing cell cholesterol homeostasis.
methodsCT angiography evaluated atherosclerosis in 140 patients without cardiovascular disease from a single-centre observational cohort. Serum estrone and 17-b-oestradiol were measured with Elisa. Serum cholesterol loading capacity (CLC) on macrophages, which enhances atherosclerosis, was measured in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux capacity from macrophages via ATP-binding-cassette-A1 (ABCA1-CEC) and G1 transporters (ABCG1-CEC), which attenuates atherogenesis, was assessed in J774 macrophages and Chinese hamster ovary cells.
resultsEstrone and estradiol associated with higher coronary artery calcium score (p-for-interaction≤0.023) and estradiol with more coronary plaques (p-for-interaction=0.048) in males but not females. Estrone was linked to fewer plaques in premenopausal women (p-for-interaction=0.043), while both estrone and estradiol were associated with more plaques in postmenopausal women. Estrone is associated with higher proatherogenic cytokine levels in males and in postmenopausal women, but lower levels in premenopausal women. Moreover, estrone was inversely associated with ABCA1-CEC (p-for-interaction=0.008) and ABCG1-CEC (p-for-interaction=0.040) in males, while estradiol was positively associated with CLC (p-for-interaction=0.044) and inversely with ABCA1-CEC (p-for-interaction=0.010) in males. Estrone, but not estradiol, was inversely associated with cardiovascular risk (adjusted HR 0.43 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.86) per SD increase), particularly among premenopausal women (p-for-interaction=0.015).
conclusionSex and reproductive status modified the effect of endogenous oestrogens on atherosclerosis in RA and their associations with inflammation and lipoprotein functions impacting on cholesterol homeostasis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.