ArticleBMJ open2025
Impact of clinical decision support systems (CDSS) on clinical outcomes and healthcare delivery in low- and middle-income countries: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionClinical decision support systems (CDSS) are used to improve clinical and service outcomes, yet evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is dispersed. This protocol outlines methods to quantify the impact of CDSS on patient and healthcare delivery outcomes in LMICs. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will include comparative quantitative designs (randomised trials, controlled before-after, interrupted time series, comparative cohorts) evaluating CDSS in World Bank-defined LMICs. Standalone qualitative studies are excluded; mixed-methods studies are eligible only if they report comparative quantitative outcomes, for which we will extract the quantitative component. Searches (from inception to 30 September 2024) will cover MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL, Web of Science, Global Health, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, LILACS, African Index Medicus and IndMED, plus grey sources. Screening and extraction will be performed in duplicate. Risk of bias will be assessed with Risk of Bias 2 (randomised trials) and Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I) (non-randomised). Random-effects meta-analysis will be performed where outcomes are conceptually/statistically comparable; otherwise, a structured narrative synthesis will be presented. Heterogeneity will be explored using I ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This review uses published data and does not require ethics approval. Results will be disseminated via peer-reviewed publication, conference presentations and LMIC-oriented policy briefs; extraction templates and analysis code will be shared openly on publication. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42024599329.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.