Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41359174›Full record

Observational studyDiabetologia2026

Family history of type 2 diabetes delays development of type 1 diabetes in TEDDY children with islet autoimmunity.

Riitta Veijola, Roy N Tamura, Joanna L Clasen, Helena Elding Larsson, Katharina Warncke, Andrea K Steck, Michael J Haller, Berglind Jonsdottir, Beena Akolkar, William A Hagopian and 6 more

Abstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Diabetologia, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Riitta VeijolaDepartment of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. riitta.veijola@oulu.fi.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6557-270X
Roy N TamuraHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
Joanna L ClasenHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-5740
Helena Elding LarssonDepartment of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3306-1742
Katharina WarnckeInstitute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1758-7656
Andrea K SteckBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5931-9484
Michael J HallerDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2803-1824
Berglind JonsdottirDepartment of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4129-1767
Beena AkolkarDivision of Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, & Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2351-5942
William A HagopianPacific Northwest Diabetes Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2979-0475
Marian J RewersBarbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3829-9207
Jin-Xiong SheMedical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-6381
Anette-Gabriele ZieglerInstitute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München and Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Munich, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-5548
Jeffrey P KrischerHealth Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4526-888X
Jorma ToppariInstitute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2228-334X
TEDDY Study Group

Funding

NIH Prior Approval Process ProfessionalUL1TR002535 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI SOKOL, RONALD J. · 2018 to 2022
$51.1M
The Environmental Triggers of Diabetes (TEDDY) in SwedenU01DK063861 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI LERNMARK, AKE · 2003 to 2022
$13.4M
THE TEDDY STUDY - COLORADO CLINICAL CENTERU01DK063821 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI REWERS, MARIAN J · 2003 to 2022
$12.3M
The TEDDY Study: Georgia/Florida Clinical CenterU01DK063865 · NIDDK · MEDICAL COLLEGE OF GEORGIA (MCG) · PI MCINDOE, RICHARD A. · 2003 to 2022
$12.3M
UF Clinical and Translational Science AwardUL1TR000064 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA · PI NELSON, DAVID R · 2012 to 2014
$12.2M
The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in Youth: Washington Clinical CenterU01DK063829 · NIDDK · PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI HAGOPIAN, WILLIAM A. · 2003 to 2022
$11.8M
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases U01 DK63821Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases U01 DK63829Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases U01 DK63861Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases U01 DK63865NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR000064NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002535NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063821NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063829NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063861NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK063865NIH HHS UL1 TR000064NIH HHS UL1 TR002535
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aims/hypothesisThe aetiology of type 1 diabetes remains elusive. Family history of type 1 diabetes increases the disease risk but the role of other autoimmune diseases or type 2 diabetes in the family are unclear. Here, we aimed to analyse the effect of family history of diabetes and autoimmune diseases on development of islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes.

methodsThe Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study is a prospective observational cohort study of children recruited as newborns in 2004-2010 at clinical centres in Finland, Germany, Sweden and the USA. A total of 8676 children with high-risk HLA-DR-DQ genotype for type 1 diabetes fulfilled the eligibility criteria for regular follow-up. Questionnaire-based family history of all types of diabetes and autoimmune diseases among first- and second-degree relatives (FDRs and SDRs; data available for 8558 and 7479 children, respectively) was collected. The main outcomes were development of islet autoimmunity and progression from autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes. Data until 31 January 2016 were analysed.

resultsPersistent islet autoantibodies were found in 669 children and type 1 diabetes in 233 children (45% and 46% female sex, respectively). The median follow-up time after seroconversion was 6.5 years (IQR 3.3-8.5). Having an FDR with type 1 diabetes increased the child's risk of islet autoimmunity (HR 2.2 [95% CI 1.8, 2.8]; p<0.001), particularly if the father or sibling had type 1 diabetes. Islet autoimmunity was also associated with family history of type 1 diabetes in an SDR when participants having an FDR with type 1 diabetes were excluded from the analysis (HR 1.4 [95% CI 1.1, 1.8]; p=0.017). Notably, progression from autoantibody positivity to type 1 diabetes was significantly delayed in children having type 2 diabetes in an SDR (HR 0.61 [95% CI 0.44, 0.86]; p=0.004). Islet autoimmunity or progression to type 1 diabetes were not associated with other types of diabetes or autoimmune diseases in the family. CONCLUSIONS/

interpretationFamily history of diabetes is differentially associated with development of islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes. The contribution made by familial, genetic and environmental factors to the two phases of the disease pathogenesis deserves distinct analyses. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data reported here can be obtained by request at the NIDDK Central Repository website, Resources for Research (R4R), https://repository.niddk.nih.gov/ .

Indexed as

AutoimmunityDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Islets of LangerhansAdolescentAutoantibodiesChildChild, PreschoolDisease ProgressionFemaleFinlandGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseHumansInfant, NewbornMaleProspective StudiesAutoantibodiesAutoimmune diseaseGestational diabetesHLAIslet autoantibodies

Identifiers

PMID41359174
PMCPMC12881113

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.