ArticleFrontiers in psychology2025
The influence of descriptive norms and media trust on male HPV vaccination willingness: an extended protection motivation theory approach.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: Human papillomavirus (HPV) poses a substantial health risk to men, yet male vaccination remains under-prioritized in China. This study examines how five Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) cognitions (perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost), together with descriptive norms and media trust, shape Chinese men's willingness to receive the HPV vaccine. We further assess both direct effects and indirect (mediated) pathways linking these factors to vaccination willingness. Participants and methods: A nationwide online quota survey collected 3,013 valid responses from men aged 18-45 across 120 Chinese cities. Five-point Likert scales assessed perceived severity, perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, self-efficacy, and response cost (Protection Motivation Theory constructs), as well as descriptive norms, media trust, and HPV vaccination willingness. Structural equation modeling (AMOS 29.0) estimated direct paths while controlling for age, education, income, and marital status as covariates, and bias-corrected bootstrapping was used to test indirect (mediated) effects. Results: Vaccination willingness was positively associated with perceived severity ( Conclusion: Men's cognitive appraisal of HPV risks and their coping efficacy underpin vaccination intentions. Social cues (descriptive norms) and reliable information sources (media trust) reinforce these cognitions, amplifying willingness both directly and through PMT constructs. Interventions should normalise male vaccination, enhance message credibility, and alleviate financial or procedural burdens to broaden HPV vaccine uptake among men.
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