ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2025
Sublingual immunization with E2-CD154 protein and the STING agonist c-di-AMP confers protection against classical swine fever virus in pigs.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Efficient Biosafe Inactivation of Classical Swine Fever Virus While Preserving Viral RNA for Molecular Diagnosis.Viruses · 2026Article
- Porcine genetic markers of immunocompetence shape the immune response to a classical swine fever virus subunit vaccine.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Gestational timing and vaccine platform shape maternally derived neutralizing immunity and vaccine RNA detection in piglets following maternal vaccination with C-strain or FlagT4G against classical swine fever.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Subunit vaccines represent a safer alternative to live attenuated formulations. However, they often require potent adjuvants and delivery systems to elicit robust immunity, particularly against highly contagious diseases such as Classical Swine Fever (CSF). Methods: In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a novel mucosal subunit vaccine comprising the chimeric E2-CD154 protein, co-administered with the mucosal adjuvant c-di-AMP, in domestic pigs. Optimal dosing and immunization schedules for sublingual immunization were determined, followed by a challenge experiment using a highly virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strain. Results: Our results showed that sublingual co-administration of E2-CD154 and the STING agonist c-di-AMP conferred robust clinical protection, effectively prevented viral replication, and restricted the dissemination of infectious virus. This combination induced strong systemic IgG and IgA responses and neutralizing antibodies against multiple CSFV strains, achieving outcomes comparable with the commercial Porvac Discussion: These findings provide evidence, in a large mammalian host such as the pig, that c-di-AMP functions as an adjuvant for a recombinant E2-CD154 protein delivered sublingually, enhancing immune responses consistent with protection against viral replication. Together, these results offer insights into the development of non-replicating, DIVA-compatible platforms against CSFV and support the rational design of next-generation subunit vaccines targeting viral pathogens relevant to both veterinary and human medicine.
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