Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41354831›Full record

ArticleMalaria journal2025

Seasonal stratification of anopheline abundance and species composition in southern Zambia suggests year-round, season-specific vector control approaches are needed.

Anne C Martin, Victoria Kamilar, Limonty Simubali, Twig Mudenda, Harry Hamapumbu, Jessica L Schue, Mary E Gebhardt, Reneé L M N Ali, Jennifer C Stevenson, Timothy Shields and 4 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Malaria journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

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2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Anne C MartinDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. Amart108@jhu.edu.
Victoria KamilarDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Limonty SimubaliMacha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia.
Twig MudendaMacha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia.
Harry HamapumbuMacha Research Trust, Choma District, Zambia.
Jessica L SchueDepartment of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Mary E GebhardtThe Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Reneé L M N AliThe Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Jennifer C StevensonSwiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
Timothy ShieldsDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Michael R DesjardinsDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Frank C CurrieroDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
William J MossDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
Douglas E NorrisThe Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Funding

TransmissionU19AI089680 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI WILLIAM J MOSS · 2010 to 2026
$25.6M
Malaria and Mosquito/Tick-borne DiseasesT32AI138953 · NIAID · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI DAVID Joseph SULLIVAN · 2019 to 2026
$2.0M
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases T32AI138953National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases T32AI140894National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases U19AI089680NIAID NIH HHS T32 AI138953NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI089680
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMalaria control is a public health priority but in settings with seasonal residual malaria transmission, the field lacks critical knowledge regarding anopheline species composition, particularly the dynamics that contribute to persistent transmission in the dry season. This study aimed to determine relative seasonal vector species abundance and associated household level risk factors in a low transmission setting in Choma District, Zambia.

methodsIndoor and outdoor adult vector collections were embedded in a community-based longitudinal cohort study in 60 households that were visited monthly for 2 years between 2018 and 2020. Surveys conducted at the time of trap placement collected information on animal ownership, housing structure, and the receipt of malaria interventions. Anopheline species identities were molecularly confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum. Generalized linear mixed effects negative binomial regression with zero-inflation models were used to describe the relationship between risk factors and the outcome of monthly anopheline counts at each household, stratified by season.

resultsThe study collected 1532 female anophelines, 76% of which were caught outdoors. The relative abundance differed by season: in the dry season, 90% of female anophelines were caught outdoors. Anopheles arabiensis was the most common vector, but made up only 28% of outdoor collections; the remainder were understudied anophelines including Anopheles coustani, Anopheles leesoni, Anopheles rufipes, and Anopheles squamosus. The only P. falciparum-infected mosquito was a single An. squamosus that was caught outdoors. Owning more goats was associated with a 3.5 (IRR 4.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.00, 10.01) and 7.7 (IRR 8.73, 95% CI 4.40, 17.32) times increase in indoor and outdoor anopheline collections, respectively in the dry season and a 1.2 (IRR 2.18, 95% CI 1.12, 4.23) times higher risk of outdoor anophelines in the rainy season. Improved housing structure was associated with fewer indoor anophelines in the rainy season, but no change in indoor anophelines in the dry season or outdoor anophelines at any time of year.

conclusionsVector control in this low transmission setting, therefore, needs to target anopheline mosquitoes year-round, must be expanded to target traditionally zoophillic mosquitoes, and leverage known risk factors when selecting methods of control.

Indexed as

AnophelesMosquito ControlMosquito VectorsAnimalsFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesSeasonsZambiaAnophelesDry seasonMalariaResidual transmissionVector control

Identifiers

PMID41354831
PMCPMC12797507

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.