Electric-Fish-Inspired Thin Hydrogel Electrocytes Achieve High Power Density and Environmental Robustness.

Dor Tillinger, Wonbae Lee, Haley M Tholen, Derek M Hall, Joseph S Najem

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Electric-Fish-Inspired Thin Hydrogel Electrocytes Achieve High Power Density and Environmental Robustness.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Dor TillingerDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 336 Reber Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8864-6821

Wonbae LeeDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, Steidle Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6474-5573

Haley M TholenDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 336 Reber Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7757-3585

Derek M HallDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 166 Energy and Environment Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9648-596X

Joseph S NajemDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 336 Reber Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9687-886X

Funding

Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-23-1-0200Air Force Office of Scientific Research FA9550-23-1-0291

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Electric-fish-inspired hydrogel-based power sources offer a promising platform for powering soft, wearable, and implantable electronics due to their compliance, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. They typically consist of high- and low-salinity gel layers separated by anion- and cation-selective gel compartments, generating an electric potential that emulates the diffusion-based energy mechanisms of electrocytes in electric fish. However, their development has been hindered by high internal resistance, limited power density, and poor environmental stability. Here, a scalable layer-by-layer spin-coating strategy is introduced to fabricate hydrogel electrocytes with precise thickness control, yielding 106.1 µm-thick units comparable to biological electrocytes. This thin architecture significantly reduces resistance and enables high instantaneous power density (44.0 kW m

Indexed as

anti‐freezingbioinspired power sourcescompact power sourceselectric‐fish‐inspired power sourcesenvironmental stabilityhydrogelslayer‐by‐layer spin coatingscalable fabricationsustained hydration

Identifiers

PMID41354634

DOI10.1002/advs.202519348

PMCPMC12904037

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.