ArticleJournal of biological engineering2025
Robocast Zn- and Co-doped bioactive glass/tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone regeneration.
Article in Journal of biological engineering, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundBone tissue engineering requires scaffolds that synergize mechanical strength with bioactivity. This study aimed to develop and characterize 3D-printed zinc (Zn)- and cobalt (Co)-doped 45S5 bioactive glass (BG)/β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) composite scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration.
methodsSol-gel-synthesized BG powders, doped with 3–15% Zn or 1–5% Co, were combined with TCP (50:50 ratio) to fabricate porous scaffolds via robocasting. Scaffolds were screened for cytocompatibility (MTT assay) and ion release (ICP-OES). The optimal compositions (3% Zn and 1% Co) were characterized for mechanical strength, in vitro bioactivity in SBF, and osteogenic potential using hADMSCs through qPCR, ALP activity, immunocytochemistry, and Alizarin Red staining.
resultThe 3% Zn- and 1% Co-doped scaffolds demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility (≥ 90% hADMSC viability) with controlled ion release. They exhibited compressive strengths of 15.67–20.24 MPa, matching cancellous bone, and significantly accelerated hydroxyapatite formation in SBF. Biologically, the scaffolds induced distinct, stage-specific osteogenic responses. Zn-doping preferentially enhanced early osteogenesis, marked by significantly higher collagen type I (COL-1) expression at day 21 and the highest ALP activity at day 14. In contrast, Co-doping specifically promoted late-stage maturation, resulting in superior osteocalcin (OCN) expression and a 2.5-fold increase in calcium mineralization compared to undoped controls, as quantified by Alizarin Red staining. Immunocytochemistry confirmed this trend, with robust expression of both COL-1 and osteopontin in the doped groups.
conclusionThe results demonstrate that Zn²⁺ and Co²⁺ ions confer complementary biological functions within BG/TCP scaffolds, effectively promoting sequential stages of osteogenesis. The robocast scaffolds successfully combine mechanical competence with enhanced osteoinductivity, presenting a highly promising platform for the repair of load-bearing bone defects.
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