ArticleBMC oral health2025
Effect of whitening toothpastes on cigarette smoke staining of Resin-Based and 3D-Printed restorative materials.
Article in BMC oral health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThis in vitro study aimed to evaluate and compare preclinical effectiveness of two whitening toothpastes hydrogen peroxide based and activated charcoal based on cigarette smoke-induced discoloration in three restorative materials: a micro-hybrid composite, a nano ceramic composite, and a 3D printed ceramic based resin material.
methodsSeventy-two disc-shaped samples (n = 8 per subgroup) were fabricated from micro-hybrid composite, nano ceramic composite and a 3D-printed ceramic resin-based material. After baseline color measurements, all specimens were stained using a standardized cigarette smoke exposure protocol (four cycles, 10 min each). Subsequently, the specimens were brushed with either a hydrogen peroxide containing toothpaste, an activated charcoal containing toothpaste, or distilled water (control), using an electric brushing simulator at 2 N force. Color measurements (ΔE₀₀) were obtained spectrophotometrically at three timepoints: baseline (T₀), post-smoking (T₁), and post-brushing (T₂). Color differences (ΔE₀₀) were analyzed using three-way repeated measures ANOVA for intra-group comparisons over time and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test for inter-group comparisons at each time point (p < 0.05).
resultsAll materials exhibited clinically unacceptable discoloration after cigarette exposure (ΔE₀₀ >1.8), with the 3D printed resin-based material group showing the highest color change (ΔE₀₀ ≈ 15.3). Post brushing, both hydrogen peroxide and activated charcoal toothpastes significantly reduced discoloration in micro-hybrid composite resin and nano ceramic composite resin groups (p < 0.001), with hydrogen peroxide showing greater efficacy. No statistically significant improvement was observed in the 3D printed ceramic resin-based material group regardless of the toothpaste used (p > 0.05). Overall, ΔE₀₀ values remained above clinical acceptability after brushing in all groups.
conclusion3D-printed ceramic-based resin exhibited the highest discoloration after cigarette smoke exposure, while the nano-ceramic composite showed the lowest. Both whitening toothpastes significantly improved color recovery following cigarette smoke-induced discoloration. However, they remained ineffective in fully reversing discoloration, particularly in 3D-printed ceramic resin-based materials.
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