ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026
Metabolomics approach to physiological adaptive mechanisms in repetitive confined-water scuba diving under mild hyperoxia using
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThis study aims to elucidate the multifaceted effects of scuba diving, particularly focusing on the physiological adaptive mechanisms and metabolic aspects involved in confined-water scuba diving.
methodsSelected 10 healthy male college students in their 20 s and conducted confined-water scuba diving sessions once a day, five times a week, for 80 min each session over a period of 8 weeks. Measurements were taken on changes in body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and hormonal levels. Additionally, alterations in metabolites of urine samples were observed using 1H-NMR.
resultsBody fat percentage showed a statistically significant decrease at 4 weeks (4 w) and 8 weeks (8 w) (p < 0.05) compared to the level before confined-water scuba diving. Air consumption decreased significantly at 4 and 8 weeks (p < 0.001), while forced vital capacity increased at 4 w (p < 0.05) and 8 w (p < 0.01). The physical fitness index also showed significant improvements at 4 w (p < 0.01) and 8 w (p < 0.001). Dopamine levels increased progressively at IA (p < 0.05), 4 w (p < 0.01), and 8 w (p < 0.001). Norepinephrine also showed a marked elevation at 4 and 8 w (p < 0.001). Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and epinephrine did not exhibit significant changes. Cortisol decreased immediately after diving and at 4 w (p < 0.001) but showed a significant rebound at 8 w (p < 0.01). Regarding endogenous metabolites, a total of 89 metabolites were identified in the confined-water scuba diving urine sample, of which 9 (urea, ethanol, hippurate, 2-octenoate, creatine phosphate, taurine, glucose, serine, and threonine) showed significant differences compared to before confined-water scuba diving.
conclusionBased on the metabolic findings regarding the adaptive mechanisms of confined-water scuba diving, these identified metabolites could serve as key factors and significant biomarkers for understanding the adaptation mechanisms of confined-water scuba diving.
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