ArticleEuropean journal of applied physiology2026
Biomarkers predicting the effectiveness of normobaric altitude training.
Article in European journal of applied physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Comparison of adaptations to four weeks of continuous hypoxic training between healthy men with lower and higher initial aerobic fitness.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
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14 authors.
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Abstract
purposeThe aim of the present study was to identify blood-based biomarkers that could predict individual VO
methodsIn an exploratory intervention study, 15 young highly trained athletes from the German Athletics Federation completed a 21-day Live High - Train Low program at an artificial altitude house, which simulated an altitude of 800 km·h (approximately 1.900-2.500 m) under normobaric hypoxia. V̇O₂max was measured pre- and post-intervention, and blood parameters were collected at six time points (pre, post and four times at altitude. The pre measurement functioned as baseline and was used for the predictive model.
resultsAltitude training led to a mean V̇O₂max increase of 2.1 mL · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹ (+ 3.1%), with high interindividual variability (-1.7 to + 4.5 mL · kg⁻¹ · min⁻¹). Neither training load, sex, nor discipline explained these differences. Logistic regression analyses identified monocyte percentage (> 10%) and neutrophil percentage (> 50%) emerged as the strongest predictors of responder status (McFadden's R² = 0.61 and 0.65, respectively), while neutrophil-to-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR) and hematocrit also showed significant predictive value. Threshold analyses revealed that high-responders consistently displayed lower neutrophil activity (NLR < 1.5) and higher hematocrit levels (> 42.5%), in contrast to low-responders. Longitudinal biomarker trajectories further supported these distinctions, with high-responders maintaining adaptive immune and iron-related profiles, whereas low-responders exhibited persistent signs of innate immune activation and suboptimal erythropoietic status.
conclusionThese results highlight the relevance of functional biomarker profiles for individualized training planning in elite sports. Practically, this opens new possibilities for the targeted use of altitude training while minimizing health risks.
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