Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41351751›Full record

Trial reportInternational urology and nephrology2026

Apple cider vinegar for prevention of urinary lithiasis (APUL): a randomized crossover trial.

Benjamin Baker, Christine Herforth, Josiah Low, Ryan Craig, Matthew Christman

Registry-linked trialAbstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in International urology and nephrology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04073719 (Apple Cider Vinegar for the Prevention of Urinary Lithiasis), which is not on this map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT04073719 naunknown statusnot on this map

Apple Cider Vinegar for the Prevention of Urinary Lithiasis (APUL)

TypeinterventionalSponsorUnited States Naval Medical Center, San DiegoRan2019 to 2022Enrolled50ConditionsKidney Stones, Urolithiasis, HypocitraturiaArmsApple Cider Vinegar, Other Beverage
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Benjamin BakerDepartment of Urology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Dr, San Diego, CA, 92134, USA.
Christine HerforthDepartment of Urology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Dr, San Diego, CA, 92134, USA.
Josiah LowDepartment of Urology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Dr, San Diego, CA, 92134, USA. josiah.low39@gmail.com.
Ryan CraigDepartment of Urology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Dr, San Diego, CA, 92134, USA.
Matthew ChristmanDepartment of Urology, Naval Medical Center San Diego, 34800 Bob Wilson Dr, San Diego, CA, 92134, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo evaluate the potential stone-preventative effects of apple cider vinegar (ACV) supplementation on 24-h urinary citrate, pH, and volume.

methodsWe performed a randomized crossover trial testing ACV, coconut water, lemon water, and orange soda. Participants were non-stone formers randomized to two of the four beverages. Participants consumed one assigned beverage daily for one week, underwent a two-week washout period, and then consumed the second assigned beverage. Three 24-h urine collections were planned: one baseline collection prior to beverage consumption, one following completion of the first treatment week, and one following completion of the second week.

resultsTwenty participants were enrolled. Eight were female. Six consumed ACV, six coconut water, eight lemon water, and six diet orange soda. ACV did not significantly change 24-h urinary parameters. Coconut water (+ 273.8 mg/24 h, 95% CI 67.9-480 mg/24 h) and lemon water (+ 167.7 mg/24 h, 95% CI 16-319 mg/24 h) were associated with increased urinary citrate. Effects on urine pH and volume were not significant in any treatment arms.

conclusionACV did not significantly change 24-h urine parameters. Coconut water and lemon water increased urinary citrate. Further study is necessary to validate these findings in a larger cohort. Registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04073719, 8/28/2019).

Indexed as

Acetic AcidMalusUrolithiasisAdultCitric AcidCitrusCocosCross-Over StudiesFemaleFruit and Vegetable JuicesHumansHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationMaleMiddle AgedAcetic AcidCitric AcidApple cider vinegarComplementary medicineKidney stonePreventionUrolithiasis

Identifiers

PMID41351751
PMCPMC13194252

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.