Prevalence of negative emotional eating in middle-aged adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

backgroundNegative emotional eating (EE) is overeating in response to emotions such as stress. Negative EE is a risk factor for obesity, which is, in turn, a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). While previous research has predominantly focused on younger or student populations, the prevalence and determinants of negative EE in middle-aged adults remain underexplored.

methodsA systematic search was conducted in Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar for English language studies published from 2000 onwards reporting on the prevalence of negative EE in adults aged 35-64 years. Pooled prevalence estimates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed with the I² statistic. Subgroup analyses were performed by age, sex, country income classification, and assessment instrument.

resultsOf 1,390 identified records, 38 studies including 13,662 participants met the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of negative EE among middle-aged adults was 16% (95% CI: 14%-19%). Prevalence was notably higher among younger middle-aged females compared to males and older individuals. Additionally, negative EE was more common in middle-aged adults residing in high-income countries compared to those in middle-income countries.

conclusionThe global prevalence of negative EE among middle-aged adults highlights the need for targeted health promotion and behavioral interventions in this age group. Early identification and modification of unhealthy eating behaviors could help mitigate the risk of obesity and NCDs, particularly in high-income countries facing a growing burden of obesity-related health issues.