Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41350467›Full record

ArticleAesthetic plastic surgery2026

Current Trends in Revision Surgery After Breast Reconstruction in China: Insights from a Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey.

Yi Zhang, Qi Zhang, Yiding Chen, Shuang Hao, Benlong Yang, Yingying Zhang, Xuliren Wang, Zhibo Shao, Han Zhu, Bingqiu Xiu and 1 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Aesthetic plastic surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Yi Zhang *Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Qi Zhang *Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Yiding Chen *Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Shuang HaoDepartment of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Benlong YangDepartment of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Yingying ZhangDepartment of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Xuliren WangDepartment of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Zhibo ShaoDepartment of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Han ZhuDepartment of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
Bingqiu XiuDepartment of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. bingqiu_xiu@fudan.edu.cn.
Jiong WuDepartment of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China. wujiong@fudan.edu.cn.ORCID 0000-0002-8103-0505

Funding

Program of Shanghai Academic Research Leader LJRC2202Science and Technology Talent and Platform Program of the Yunnan Provincial 202305AF150153Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology KW2234
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionRevision surgery is an integral component of post-mastectomy breast reconstruction, aimed at enhancing breast aesthetics and improving patient satisfaction. While developed countries have established high rates of revision surgery, its implementation in China remains limited. We aimed to evaluate the current practices and challenges of revision surgery in Mainland China using a nationwide cross-sectional survey.

methodsA nationwide questionnaire authorized by the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association and related committees was distributed to 215 hospitals in China performing over 200 annual breast cancer surgeries, with 198 hospitals completed the survey. Data on nipple-areola complex reconstruction (NAR), autologous fat grafting (AFG), and contralateral breast symmetry surgery were collected and analyzed.

resultsOf the 198 surveyed hospitals, 23.2% performed NAR, 17.2% conducted AFG, and 26.8% carried out contralateral breast symmetry surgery, with only 6.6% providing all three. (1) NAR: Both the time intervals between primary breast reconstruction and NAR and the diverse techniques of NAR were to note. The use of autologous or allogenic implants has proven to improve long-term nipple projection (median nipple shrinkage rate 5.5% vs 30%; P < 0.001), but its usage was still limited. (2) AFG: AFG has wide application in breast reconstruction, with the most common use remaining the correction of deformities after lumpectomy (28/34, 82.4%) or breast reconstruction after mastectomy (21/34, 61.8%). (3) Contralateral breast symmetry surgery: Contralateral breast symmetry surgery was widely accepted by patients, and a simultaneous procedure was more favored (median 80% vs 20%; P < 0.001).

conclusionThe implementation of revision surgery in China remains insufficient and unevenly distributed. Targeted efforts to expand specialized training, especially in plastic surgery, improve resource allocation, and adopt advanced techniques are essential. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Indexed as

Breast NeoplasmsMammaplastyMastectomyReoperationAdultChinaCross-Sectional StudiesEstheticsFemaleHumansMiddle AgedPatient SatisfactionSurveys and QuestionnairesTreatment OutcomeAutologous fat graftingContralateral breast symmetry surgeryNational-wide cross-sectional studyNipple-areola complex reconstructionRevision surgery

Identifiers

PMID41350467
PMCPMC13102828

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.