Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41347066›Full record

ArticleJournal of human immunity2025

The seven enigmas of SARS-CoV-2: from the past to the future.

Evangelos Andreakos, Lisa Arkin, Paul Bastard, Alexandre Bolze, Alessandro Borghesi, Petter Brodin, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Giorgio Casari, Aurélie Cobat, Beth Drolet and 12 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of human immunity, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

22 authors.

Evangelos AndreakosLaboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Lisa ArkinDepartment of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Paul BastardLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.
Alexandre BolzeHelix, San Mateo, CA, USA.
Alessandro BorghesiHost-Pathogen Group and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 'IRCCS' San Matteo Research Hospital, Pavia, Italy.
Petter BrodinDepartment of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Jean-Laurent CasanovaLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.
Giorgio CasariVita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
Aurélie CobatLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.
Beth DroletDepartment of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Jacques FellaySchool of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Elena HsiehDepartment of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA.
Isabelle MeytsLaboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, EU.
Trine H MogensenDepartment of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Vanessa Sancho-ShimizuDepartment of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
András N SpaanDepartment of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Helen C SuHuman Immunological Diseases Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Donald C VinhDeptartment of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada.
Ahmad YatimLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.
Qian ZhangLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.
Shen-Ying ZhangLaboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.
COVID Human Genetic Effort+

Funding

Developing, Demonstrating, and Disseminating Innovative Programs to Achieve Translational SuccessUL1TR001866 · NCATS · ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY · PI COLLER, BARRY, KRUEGER, JAMES G · 2016 to 2025
$40.6M
Inborn errors of immunity in patients with life-threatening COVID-19R01AI163029 · NIAID · ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY · PI CASANOVA, JEAN-LAURENT, ZHANG, QIAN · 2021 to 2025
$3.7M
Howard Hughes Medical InstituteNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001866NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI163029
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Five years ago, we launched the COVID Human Genetic Effort. Our goal was to explain the clinical variability among SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals by searching for monogenic inborn errors of immunity (IEI) and their phenocopies. We deciphered the pathogenesis of critical COVID-19 pneumonia and multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in ~15% and 2% of cases, respectively, thereby revealing general mechanisms of severe disease. We also defined neuro-COVID-19 genetically and immunologically in one child, while we delineated the immunological mechanisms of COVID-toes in healthy children and young adults, paving the way for their genetic study. Understanding the human genetic and immunological basis of resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection, long COVID, and myocarditis post mRNA vaccination, has been challenging and investigations remain ongoing. This work highlights the power of patient-based basic research and large-scale international collaborative efforts to discover human genetic and immunological drivers of infectious disease phenotypes, with implications for the timely development of new medical strategies before the next pandemic arrives.

Identifiers

PMID41347066
PMCPMC12674185

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.