ArticleCommunications biology2025
The evolution of negotiation strategies diversifies parental cooperation.
Article in Communications biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Flexible parental care in a songbird correlates with sex-specific responses to seasonal phenology, mating opportunity and reproductive success.The Journal of animal ecology · 2026Article
- The evolution of negotiation strategies diversifies parental cooperation.Communications biology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Parental cooperation is not self-evident, as conflicts often arise over individual contributions. Evolutionary game theory suggests this conflict may be resolved through negotiation, where parents adjust their care level based on their partner's contribution. However, mathematical negotiation models typically predict low parental cooperation. As these models are not dynamically explicit and mostly neglect stochasticity, we employ individual-based simulations to investigate how parental negotiation strategies evolve and shape care patterns. Our results differ markedly from earlier analytical predictions. Parental negotiation strategies readily evolve, resulting in four alternative care patterns: uniparental care, sex-biased care and two types of egalitarian biparental care. Effective cooperation evolves regularly but, contrary to common expectations, always relies on a Tit-for-Tat strategy rather than parental compensation. Our study underscores that diverse cooperative patterns in animals can emerge from sex-specific negotiation strategies, even in the absence of initial sex roles and environmental variation.
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