Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41342230›Full record

ReviewCNS neuroscience & therapeutics2025

Carbogen Inhalation Therapy for Epileptic Seizures: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions.

Li Wang, Yue Liu, Wenwen Ding, Meng Yang, Qing Liu, Fuqiang Xu

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Li WangSchool of Medicine, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1427-3803
Yue LiuDepartment of Radiation Biology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.ORCID 0009-0007-3730-9422
Wenwen DingSchool of Medicine, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, China.ORCID 0009-0001-0935-0600
Meng YangSchool of Medicine, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, China.ORCID 0000-0003-2290-1830
Qing LiuThe Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen, China.ORCID 0000-0002-5774-7397
Fuqiang XuThe Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Shenzhen, China.ORCID 0000-0002-4382-9797

Funding

Hubei Provincial Department of Education Scientific Research Plan for Young Talent Project Q20234306Scientific Research Project of Jingchu University of Technology YY202415
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundDrug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects nearly one-third of patients and remains a major unmet clinical need, despite advances in anti-seizure medications (ASMs). Carbogen, a low-concentration carbon dioxide (CO

methodsThis review summarizes preclinical and clinical evidence on carbogen inhalation for seizure control. Mechanistic data on pH-dependent ion channels, GABAergic inhibition, and adenosine signaling were condensed, and clinical outcomes across seizure types and inhalation protocols were compared for safety and efficacy.

resultsCarbogen induces short-term respiratory acidosis, lowering brain extracellular pH to activate acid-sensitive ion channels (e.g., ASIC1a and NaV1.2), enhance GABAergic inhibition, and boost adenosine signaling. These effects are rapid, reversible, and distinct from conventional ASMs. Preclinical studies show strong seizure suppression, especially under hyperventilation-induced alkalosis. Clinically, brief low-dose inhalation (5% CO

conclusionsEvidence supports carbogen's therapeutic promise and highlights the need for precise patient selection, controlled delivery, and comprehensive safety testing. Future research should develop biomarker-guided, closed-loop systems and test synergy with established ASMs to advance carbogen as a mechanism-based therapy within precision epilepsy care.

Indexed as

Carbon DioxideDrug Resistant EpilepsySeizuresAdministration, InhalationAnimalsAnticonvulsantsHumansOxygenAnticonvulsantscarbogenCarbon DioxideOxygenacid‐base balancecarbogen inhalation therapyefficacy and safetyepileptic seizures

Identifiers

PMID41342230
PMCPMC12676256

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.