ArticleACS applied polymer materials2025
Expanding the Usage of Lignin in DLP 3D Printing by Optimized Synthesis and Processing Parameters.
Article in ACS applied polymer materials, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) has gained substantial interest in recent years as a versatile additive manufacturing technique across different disciplines. However, many materials used in DLP 3D printing are from non-sustainable sources. The use of renewable resources like lignin, a complex aromatic polymer derived from plant biomass and an industrial byproduct produced in ton-scale, in resins promotes the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly additive manufacturing processes and applications. Therefore, we first present a cost-effective and reproducible acrylation synthesis route that enables the modification of lignin using acryloyl chloride as a functionalization reagent. Further, we systematically investigate the effects of different contents of unmodified lignin up to 20 wt % and modified lignin with acrylate groups up to 30 wt % in resins using a time-efficient, self-developed step test to achieve optimal printing parameters with the smallest possible feature size. These parameters are used for high-resolution DLP 3D printing of microneedles for potential medical applications, which is why the cytotoxicity of the lignin resins is determined as well. The addition of lignin to resins influences their rheological properties and printability remarkably as well as the mechanical performance of the corresponding 3D-printed objects. Notably, higher lignin concentrations are found to enhance the mechanical strength of 3D-printed parts. Furthermore, we assess the effects of lignin acrylation in photopolymer formulations leading to improved solubility, substantial change in rheological properties from thixotropic to non-thixotropic behavior, and an enhanced E-modulus of 3D-printed materials. As a result, we showcase the feasibility to 3D-print with up to 30 wt % of modified lignin and present a 3D-printed material with 15 wt % of modified lignin, which is classified as non-cytotoxic according to EN ISO 10993-5. However, further increasing lignin content generally adversely affects the printability due to increased resin viscosity as well as light scattering and pronounced UV light absorption.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.