Smartphone Pupillometry and Machine Learning for Detection of Acute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Cohort Study.

Background: Quantitative pupillometry is used in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) with changes in pupil reactivity noted after blast injury, chronic mTBI, and sports-related concussion. Objective: We evaluated the diagnostic capabilities of a smartphone-based digital pupillometer to differentiate patients with mTBI in the emergency department from controls. Methods: Adult patients diagnosed with acute mTBI with normal neuroimaging were evaluated in an emergency department within 36 hours of injury (control group: healthy adults). The PupilScreen smartphone pupillometer was used to measure the pupillary light reflex (PLR), and quantitative curve morphological parameters of the PLR were compared between mTBI and healthy controls. To address the class imbalance in our sample, a synthetic minority oversampling technique was applied. All possible combinations of PLR parameters produced by the smartphone pupillometer were then applied as features to 4 binary classification machine learning algorithms: random forest, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, and logistic regression. A 10-fold cross-validation technique stratified by cohort was used to produce accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve, and Results: Of 12 patients with acute mTBI, 33% (4/12) were female (mean age 54.1, SD 22.2 years), and 58% (7/12) were White with a median Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 15. Of the 132 healthy patients, 67% (88/132) were female, with a mean age of 36 (SD 10.2) years and 64% (84/132) were White with a median GCS of 15. Significant differences were observed in PLR recordings between healthy controls and patients with acute mTBI in the PLR parameters, that are (1) percent change (mean 34%, SD 8.3% vs mean 26%, SD 7.9%; Conclusions: In this pilot study, quantitative smartphone pupillometry demonstrates the potential to be a useful tool in the future diagnosis of acute mTBI.