Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41339346›Full record

ArticleNPJ breast cancer2025

Multi-institutional analysis of incidence and risks for late-onset immune toxicity in breast cancer.

Saya Jacob, Samantha Fisch, Carolyne Face, Kelly Blum, Madhuri Chengappa, Saliha Chaudhry, Alexis LeVee, Nikita V Baclig, Andrew Soliman, Laura A Huppert and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in NPJ breast cancer, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. The Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Journey: From Early Promise to Lasting Impact.Journal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026
    Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Saya JacobUniversity of Pennsylvania Abramson Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. saya.jacob@pennmedicine.upenn.edu.
Samantha FischHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Carolyne FaceHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Kelly BlumHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Madhuri ChengappaMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Saliha ChaudhryMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Alexis LeVeeCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Nikita V BacligJonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Andrew SolimanJonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Laura A HuppertHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Zoe QuandtUniversity of California San Francisco Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Laura QuintalHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Dame IdossaMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Michelle MeliskoHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
A Jo ChienHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Mi-Ok KimHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Joanne MortimerCity of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA.
Kelly McCannJonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Anne BlaesMasonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Hope S RugoHelen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA. hrugo@coh.org.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) improve survival in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) but cause late-onset toxicity, with unknown incidence in breast cancer. This retrospective study included 700 patients (61%, n = 424 early-stage; 39%, n = 276 metastatic; 77% TNBC) from four NCI-designated centers treated with ICI between 2014-2021. Chart review identified immune toxicities, defined as ICI-related, as noted by the oncology provider or steroid-treated. 61% (n = 430) had toxicity: 37% (n = 257) early (≤90 days after ICI start), 34% (n = 240) delayed (>90 days), 10% (n = 67) both. Of the delayed, 144 (60%) were on-treatment, 56 (23%) off-treatment, 40 (17%) both. Twenty-two (9.2%) had off-treatment toxicity >1 year post-ICI. Median onset: 138 days (range 90-1380) on-treatment; 76 days (21-1144) off-treatment. Risk increased with more ICI cycles, especially >4 (early OR 1.104; metastatic OR 1.06; p < 0.0001) and higher baseline eosinophils (OR 3.46, p = 0.0484). Metastatic disease (OR 0.18, p < 0.0001) and early toxicity (OR 0.53, p = 0.0008) reduced risk. Findings support the need for high clinical suspicion for late toxicity.

Identifiers

PMID41339346
PMCPMC12714743

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.