ArticleNursing ethics2026
Ethical challenges and action alternatives: Case reflections in ambulance care.
Article in Nursing ethics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
BackgroundAmbulance clinicians regularly encounter medical, caring, existential and ethical challenges. Meeting patients with complex medical presentations underscore the need for holistic decision-making and actions as ambulance clinicians struggle to strike a balance between addressing medical and caring needs.AimThis study aimed to explore action alternatives considered and discussed during ethics case reflections in response to care-related challenges in ambulance services.Research designA qualitative descriptive study design was applied. Data were analyzed using conventional and summative content analysis.Participants and research contextEthics case reflections were performed with 14 groups comprising a total of 78 ambulance clinicians. Prior to the reflections, a video depicting the encounter between two ambulance clinicians and an older patient and his spouse was viewed.Ethical considerationsThe principles of the Declaration of Helsinki were applied throughout the research process, and an advisory statement was obtained from the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (No. 2019-02127 and 2021-03490).FindingsThe ethics case reflections generated a variety and breadth of action alternatives to manage challenges in caring, suggesting that this format is suitable for discussing ethical issues in clinical cases that depart from standard medical emergencies. Furthermore, the breadth of the results reveals the wide professional discretion afforded to ambulance clinicians and suggest the presence of tacit competences embedded in professional practice.ConclusionsEthics case reflection has a potential to enhance ambulance clinicians' ethical decision-making by deepening reflections about patient autonomy as well as highlighting the potential for a caring approach and promoting holistic care. By generating a breadth of specific action alternatives, many possible ways forward even in situations with complex care-related challenges are illustrated. Further investigation regarding the role of ethics case reflections to articulate implicit attitudes and tacit competencies is warranted.
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