ArticleVeterinary research communications2025
Efficacy of butylated hydroxytoluene nanoparticles in enhancing the quality and preservation of stallion chilled semen.
Article in Veterinary research communications, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Improving the cryo-resistance of Egyptian buffalo semen via chlorogenic acid and rutin supplementation: molecular docking, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic pathways.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- Optimizing rabbit semen cryopreservation using different cryoprotectants in a Tris-based extender.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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Abstract
Encapsulating natural antioxidants presents a robust strategy to neutralize oxidative stress, thereby improving semen preservation. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of butylated hydroxytoluene nanoparticles (BHT-NPs) in improving stallion semen preservation by investigating sperm quality, redox balance, semen bacteriology, apoptosis, ultrastructure, and acrosome status of chilled stallion semen preserved at 4 °C for 72 h. This in vitro experiment was evidenced by molecular docking analysis. Twenty-five ejaculates from five stallions were collected and extended with 0 (BHT-NP0), 0.5 (BHT-NP0.5), and 1.0 (BHT-NP1.0) mM of butylated hydroxytoluene nanoparticles. Stallions' extender fortified with 0.5 or 1 mM of BHT-NPs significantly improved progressive motility, viability, and membrane integrity while significantly reducing abnormalities after 72 h of cooling (p < 0.05). BHT-NP significantly reduced the apoptotic sperm and increased the viable sperm in cooled stallion semen (p < 0.01). Supplementation chilled stallion spermatozoa extender with 0.5 or 1 mM BHT-NPs significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and catalase activity compared to the control extender (p < 0.001). Conversely, the levels of oxidative markers (MDA, H₂O₂, and NO) were significantly lower in all BHT-NPs -supplemented groups compared to the control extender (p < 0.001). The BHT-NP1.0 group resulted in significantly lower total bacterial count (p < 0.001), coliform bacteria count (p < 0.01), and spore-forming bacteria counts (p < 0.01) compared to other groups. The docking simulation results show that the energy of binding BHT to antioxidant-apoptosis pathways such as HSP90A, PrdX1, caspase 3, and AKAP3 were - 8.45, - 7.1, - 6.42, and - 5.99 Kcal/mol, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that BHT-NPs significantly reduced head damage, midpiece damage, and coiled tails in stallion semen after 72 h of preservation at 4 °C. This research confirms that BHT-NPs offer a promising strategy for enhancing cooled stallion sperm quality, due to their combined antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-apoptotic properties. Our findings enhance semen preservation in stallions using nanotechnology molecules to promote the efficiency of assisted reproductive technology protocols.
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