Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41334462›Full record

ArticleNanoscale advances2026

Microfluidic engineering of pDNA nanogels in a coaxial flow reactor: process development, optimisation, scalability and

Suneha Patil, Zoe Whiteley, Esther Osarfo-Mensah, Arun Pankajakshan, Duncan Q M Craig, Stefan Guldin, Pratik Gurnani, Asterios Gavriilidis

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nanoscale advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Long-Term Biodistribution of FeInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Suneha PatilDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK a.gavriilidis@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8153-0545
Zoe WhiteleyDepartment of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK p.gurnani@ucl.ac.uk.
Esther Osarfo-MensahDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK a.gavriilidis@ucl.ac.uk.
Arun PankajakshanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK a.gavriilidis@ucl.ac.uk.
Duncan Q M CraigDepartment of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK p.gurnani@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1294-8993
Stefan GuldinDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK a.gavriilidis@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4413-5527
Pratik GurnaniDepartment of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London 29-39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK p.gurnani@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6559-5514
Asterios GavriilidisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London Torrington Place London WC1E 7JE UK a.gavriilidis@ucl.ac.uk.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3508-5043

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Polymeric nanogels hold strong promise for gene delivery, but their production is often limited by poor scalability and inconsistent control over physicochemical properties. To address this challenge, we present a scalable microfluidic strategy for engineering carboxymethyl chitosan-grafted branched polyethyleneimine plasmid DNA nanogels (CMC-bPEI-pDNA NGs) using a coaxial flow reactor. This continuous flow platform enables precise control over nanogel formation, offering tunability in particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Through systematic process development and parametric optimisation - including investigations into hydrodynamics, mixing, reactor geometry, and effect of reagent concentrations - we designed a novel process achieving high-throughput, reproducible nanogel production suitable for

Identifiers

PMID41334462
PMCPMC12666657

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.