ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2025
Sex differences in the prevalence and risk factors of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors among adolescent outpatients with major depressive disorder.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictive value of antioxidant and thyroid function indicators for non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with major depressive disorder.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- From anxiety and depression to non-suicidal self-injury in youths: the mediating effect of neuroticism and the moderating effect of thyroid hormones.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The relationship between emotional reactivity and adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: the mediating role of distress tolerance and gender differences.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: Although non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behaviors are particularly prevalent among adolescent outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD), few studies have investigated the sex differences in this population. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate sex differences in the prevalence and risk factors of NSSI among adolescent outpatients with MDD. Methods: In total, 284 adolescent outpatients who met the DSM-V diagnostic criteria for MDD were recruited for this cross-sectional study. A self-designed questionnaire, the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation (CFASM), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC) were employed to assess participants' socio demographic factors, depressive symptoms, NSSI behaviors, sleep quality, and stressful life events, respectively. Results: The prevalence of NSSI behaviors was significantly higher in female adolescents than in male adolescents. Notably, female adolescents demonstrated significantly higher NSSI functioning scores, NSSI frequency, and CDI scores than male adolescents. Regression analysis showed that among female adolescents, higher PSQI and ASLEC scores were identified as significant risk factors for NSSI behaviors, with the frequency of NSSI positively correlated with ASLEC scores. However, these associations were not observed in males. Conclusion: NSSI is more prevalent in female adolescent outpatients with MDD than male outpatients with MDD. Further, there are significant sex differences in the risk factors associated with NSSI, suggesting that sex differences should be considered when developing prevention and intervention strategies for coexisting NSSI behaviors among adolescent outpatients with MDD.
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