ArticleMaterials advances2026
Engineering 3D-printed standalone conductive nerve guides using soft bioinks for peripheral nerve injuries.
Article in Materials advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Bacterial nanocellulose: biosynthesis, structural properties and vascular tissue engineering applications.Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine · 2026Review
- Collagen IV outperforms alternative ECM coatings to preserve human neural progenitor properties on electrically conductive neural interfaces.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrating Cells, Biomaterials, and Advanced Engineering for Next-Generation Peripheral Nerve Repair.Cells, tissues, organs · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Conductive nerve guides (CNGs) demonstrate significant regenerative capabilities for bridging critically sized nerve defects due to their unique electrical and mechanical characteristics. However, nerve guides fabricated from conducting polymers through conventional electrochemical methods present challenges, including non-biodegradability and limited customization potential. Here we demonstrate customizable 3D-printed CNGs fabricated using biocompatible bioinks composed of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) without the need for sacrificial support. The synthesized soft bioinks composed of PEDOT:PSS/20% PVA showed enhanced conductivity, wettability, and shear-thinning behavior. By tailoring the polymer concentration and polymerization conditions, the standalone CNGs, fabricated using extrusion-based 3D printing, were custom-made to match the dimensions of critically sized nerve defects in rodent PNI models. The elimination of sacrificial layers during 3D printing avoids complex post-processing material removal and potential residue-related cytotoxicity. As a result, the 3D-printed CNGs demonstrated excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. Optimizing soft bioink properties offers a simple manufacturing approach for producing 3D-printed biodegradable and biocompatible CNGs with customizable dimensions. Our findings address the critical need for advanced nerve guide designs tailored to treat peripheral nerve injuries of varying defect sizes.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.