ArticleMaterials today. Bio2025
Cryogenic 3D printing of heterogeneous scaffolds with capability to spatially tune cellular morphology of mesenchymal stem cells for integrated osteochondral regeneration.
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The aging of population and frequent sport injury cause severe osteochondral tissue regression and injury. In recent years, various osteochondral tissue engineering scaffolds with a biomimetic structure have been fabricated to simultaneously induce chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into targeting cells (i.e., hyaline chondrocytes and osteoblasts) at separate zones. However, the regenerated cartilage tissue is still inclined to exhibit a fibrocartilage state. To obtain correct cell phenotype at corresponding zone and hence improve the integrated osteochondral regeneration, in this study, a bi-phasic scaffold consisting of closely bonded osteogenic peptide/β-tricalcium phosphate/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) subchondral frame and TGF-β1 loaded shape memory polyester cartilage frame which was further dispensed with gelatin-based double-network dynamically crosslinked supramolecular hydrogel was fabricated via multi-material sequential cryogenic 3D printing. The osteochondral scaffolds were mechanically similar to native osteochondral tissue. The subchondral zone facilitated adhesion, expansion and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs
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