Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41331657›Full record

ArticleJournal of imaging informatics in medicine2026

Sex Determination Based on Posterior Mandibular Measurements using Three-Dimensional Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images.

Nikolaos Christoloukas, Anastasia Mitsea, Leda Kovatsi, Christos Angelopoulos

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of imaging informatics in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Nikolaos ChristoloukasDepartment of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0004-3530-2639
Anastasia MitseaDepartment of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece. anastasiamitsea@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-681X
Leda KovatsiLaboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Christos AngelopoulosDepartment of Oral Diagnosis and Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str, 115 27, Athens, Greece.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and predictive ability of specific anthropometric mandibular measurements on three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed surfaces of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records for sex determination. The study sample analyzed volumetric data from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) records of 204 Greek individuals aged 18-70 years, who sought general dental treatment at the School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece. Patient records were screened for eligibility based on predefined inclusion criteria. The sample was distributed by sex and further categorized into four distinct age groups. Volumetric data of 204 patients (equally distributed between sexes) were reprocessed with the ViewBox 4 software, according to inclusion-exclusion criteria. Ten anatomical landmarks visible on three-dimensional CBCT reconstructions were digitally traced using the ViewBox 4 software, including superior points of the right and left condyles, the most proximal points of the inner poles of the right and left condyles, the inferior points of the right and left sigmoid notches, the superior points of the right and left coronoid processes and the right and left Gonion. This cross-sectional study employed a binary logistic regression (BLR) model for statistical analysis. All linear parameters exhibited statistically significant differences between sexes whereas angular measurements did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference. The developed model yielded an accuracy of 83.4% in predicting sex. Specific linear measurements are reliable predictors of sex and may be applied in forensic science as a supplementary method.

Indexed as

Cone-Beam Computed TomographyImaging, Three-DimensionalMandibleSex Determination by SkeletonAdolescentAdultAgedCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleGreeceHumansMaleMiddle AgedReproducibility of ResultsYoung Adult3D reconstructed surfacesCBCTMandibular measurementsSex determination

Identifiers

PMID41331657
PMCPMC13481619

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.