ArticleEye (London, England)2026
The role of blood pressure stability in diabetic retinopathy development.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Hemodynamic phenotypes defined by arterial stiffness index and pulse pressure with risk of diabetic microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Factors associated with diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study of 1477 patients across four cities in Anhui, China.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThis study investigates the non-linear relationship between blood pressure (BP) and diabetic retinopathy (DR), and the impact of BP variability on DR development.
methodsThis is a retrospective longitudinal cohort study. Nine hundred sixty-nine patients with type 2 diabetes and no DR at baseline between 1 January, 2018, and 31 May, 2023 were recruited from a single hospital. Participants underwent BP measurements at 3- to 6-month intervals. DR was assessed by indirect ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography at least every year. BP parameters including mean systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP), along with their standard deviations (SDs), were calculated across visits. Logistic regression was used to analyse the associations between BP parameters and DR incidence.
resultsDuring a mean follow-up of 4.96 ± 0.96 years, 125 participants (12.9%) developed DR. A U-curve or J-curve association was found between mean SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP and DR risk, with the lowest risk observed at SBP 130-135 mmHg, DBP 75-80 mmHg, MAP 95-100 mmHg, and PP 50-55 mmHg. Greater visit-to-visit BP variability was independently associated with a higher risk of DR development. Each 1-mmHg increase in SD of SBP, DBP, MAP, and PP corresponded to odds ratios of 1.108 (CI: 1.06-1.16, p < 0.001), 1.111 (CI: 1.04-1.18, p < 0.001), 1.085 (CI: 1.04-1.13, p < 0.001), and 1.133 (CI: 1.08-1.19, p < 0.001), respectively.
conclusionExtreme BP levels and greater visit-to-visit BP variability were associated with increased risk of DR. Maintaining stable and optimal BP may help prevent its development.
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