Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41331218›Full record

ArticleAttention, perception & psychophysics2025

Testing individual differences in the preparation effect.

Koby Lindzen, Roy Shoval, Tal Makovski

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Attention, perception & psychophysics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. On the rigidity of the preparation effect.Frontiers in psychology · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Koby LindzenDepartment of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, University Rd. 1 , 4353701, Ra'anana, Israel.
Roy ShovalDepartment of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, University Rd. 1 , 4353701, Ra'anana, Israel. rshoval@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0221-8308
Tal MakovskiDepartment of Education and Psychology, The Open University of Israel, University Rd. 1 , 4353701, Ra'anana, Israel.

Funding

Israel Science Foundation 1274/21
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

How do people prepare for the appearance of upcoming distractors? According to the preparation effect, observers do not inhibit distractors before their appearance; rather, they are more alert at those moments. In two large, online, pre-registered studies, we tested possible individual differences in the magnitude of the preparation effect. Specifically, we examined whether the preparation effect is related to working memory capacity and/or to the ability to filter out irrelevant information. The results indicated that the magnitude of the preparation effect did not correlate with these factors. These results highlight the rigidity of the preparation effect that does not seem to be related to working memory capacity or selective attention abilities. Moreover, that increased preparation does not result in less (or more) interference from upcoming distractor display, indicates that the preparation effect does not influence distractor rejection and further supports a mandatory 'process-all mechanism' as the underlying mechanism of the effect.

Indexed as

AttentionColor PerceptionIndividualityMemory, Short-TermPattern Recognition, VisualAdultFemaleHumansMaleReaction TimeYoung AdultAlertnessIndividual differencesPreparation effectSelective attentionWorking memory capacity

Identifiers

PMID41331218

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.