Red-backed Shrikes (Lanius collurio) resist acoustic mimicry by the Common Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus).

The vocal mimicry exhibited by female Common Cuckoos (Cuculus canorus), specifically their imitation of raptor calls, has been proposed as a strategy to reduce aggression from host species. Although this hypothesis has been challenged by studies using visual models of cuckoos and hawks, playback-only experiments support the idea of vocal mimicry, i.e. that cuckoo (brood parasite) calls may acoustically mimic those of predators. In this study, we tested the responses of the Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio), a known host species, to three types of acoustic stimuli: the female cuckoo’s “bubbling call” (which mimics a predator), the call of the Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), and a control call from the Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto). Playback experiments were conducted both on the breeding grounds in Poland and during migration in Cyprus. Our results revealed that while both cuckoo and sparrowhawk calls elicited behavioural responses, these reactions were clearly distinct. Shrikes responded to sparrowhawk calls by hiding, indicative of predator avoidance, whereas cuckoo calls triggered alertness or approach behaviours. Notably, no response to cuckoo calls was observed during migration, outside the breeding context. This seasonal variation, along with the limited defensive response to cuckoo calls, indicates that vocal mimicry in this context may not serve a protective function. Instead, our findings highlight the shrikes’ nuanced ability to discriminate between acoustic stimuli and respond adaptively based on ecological context. These findings challenge the broad applicability of the predator mimicry hypothesis in cuckoos and emphasise the need for further comparative studies involving diverse host species and multimodal (audiovisual) stimuli.