ArticleScientific reports2025
Eco-synthesis, process optimisation, and therapeutic assessment of cow urine distillate derived copper nanoparticles.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The present research successfully validates a sustainable, straightforward, cost-effective, and non-toxic biosynthesis of biologically active copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using cow urine distillate (CUD), a traditional component of Vedic medicine. The study also investigates the effect of different process variables: reductant concentration, pH, reaction temperature, and reaction time, employing a factorial design approach (Box-Behnken design) on the synthesis of CUD-CuNPs. UV-Vis spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation, showing surface plasmon resonance peaks between 269 and 275 nm. Morphological analysis using Transmission Electron Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray demonstrated the formation of spherical nanoparticles. XRD analysis showed a crystalline structure with prominent reflections at 43.4°, 50.5°, and 74.2°. The synthesized CUD-CuNPs had an average size of 232.76 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.421, and a zeta potential of -16.45 mV. Antimicrobial assessment of CUD-CuNPs using the agar well diffusion assay demonstrated their bactericidal potential against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with remarkable inhibitory zones of 25.66 ± 0.57 mm. Significant inhibition was also observed against E. coli (25.66 ± 0.57 mm) and B. subtilis (25.25 ± 1.00 mm). Furthermore, CUD-CuNPs significantly suppressed the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC
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