ArticleScientific reports2025
Inclusion of key soil parameters in the modified contamination factor (MCF) model as a tool for assessing heavy metal pollution in agricultural soils.
Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of a Modified Contamination Factor (MCF) model to assess heavy metal (HM) pollution in rural, urban, and industrial agricultural soils of Haridwar, India. Traditional Contamination Factor (CF) indices, though widely employed, fail to consider intrinsic soil buffering capacity, potentially misrepresenting ecological risk. To address this limitation, an MCF model was developed by integrating soil pH, organic matter (OM; %), and cation exchange capacity (CEC; cmol/kg) through a principal component analysis (PCA)-derived weight assignment method. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for nine HMs (Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) along with key soil properties including pH, organic matter (OM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Results revealed significant declines in soil pH (7.10 in rural to 6.30 in industrial), organic matter (2.50% to 1.20%), and cation exchange capacity (18.20 to 12.30 cmol/kg) from rural to industrial areas, reflecting progressive soil degradation. Concurrently, HM concentrations showed a significant increase, with Pb (79.5 mg/kg; permissible limit 85 mg/kg, USEPA) and Zn (188.3 mg/kg; permissible limit 300 mg/kg, WHO/FAO) approaching or exceeding guideline values in industrial zones. The MCF model yielded refined contamination estimates by incorporating adjustment factors (f), thereby magnifying contamination in low-retention soils and suppressing overestimation in resilient soils. Validation parameters (R
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