ArticleMicrosystems & nanoengineering2025
Integrated 3D microstructured digital microfluidic platform for advanced 3D cell culture.
Article in Microsystems & nanoengineering, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- A skin-conformal liquid metal strain sensor integrating deep learning for neck motion monitoring.iScience · 2026Article
- Microarray chip to fabricate 3D PDAC heterospheroids with architectural organization towards tumor invasion and chemoresistance study.Microsystems & nanoengineering · 2026Article
- Integrated Microfluidic Chip Enabling Preparation and Immobilization of Cell-Laden Microspheres, and Microsphere-Based Cell Culture and Analysis.Biosensors · 2026Article
- Development and Transformation of Veterinary Experimental In Vitro Models: From 2D Culture to 3D Organoids.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture systems better simulate the in vivo microenvironment by promoting intercellular interactions and functional expression, which are crucial for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture platforms fail to mimic the spatial complexity of in vivo tissues, often resulting in altered cellular behavior and limited physiological relevance. In this research, we introduce a 3D cell culture platform based on a digital microfluidic (DMF) system. This platform integrates DMF electrode actuation with 3D-printed microstructure arrays, enabling precise capture and aggregation of cells within a defined 3D scaffold. While cells initially adhere in a 2D structure, they rapidly self-assemble into a 3D cell spheroid on the chip. The platform's capabilities for droplet dispersion, fusion, and movement were validated using the 3D-printed DMF chip. The key parameters, such as applied voltage, microstructure height, and electrode spacing, were systematically investigated for their effects on droplet manipulation. Cell viability and proliferation assays in 24, 48, and 72 hours confirmed that the 3D microstructured scaffolds exhibit excellent biocompatibility and provide a microenvironment favorable for in vivo-like cell growth. Overall, this integrated DMF chip supports robust 3D cell growth and represents a versatile tool for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.