Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41330544›Full record

ArticleMedicine and science in sports and exercise2026

Longitudinal Associations between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cognition in Older Adults: A 10-Year Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study.

Ariana Nhung Le, Stian Lydersen, Daniel Estil Brissach, Asta K Håberg, Tara L Walker, Mia Schaumberg, Helene Haugen Berg, Dorthe Stensvold, Atefe R Tari

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Observational
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Ariana Nhung LeThe Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY.
Stian LydersenDepartment of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY.
Daniel Estil BrissachThe Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY.
Asta K HåbergDepartment of Neuromedicine and Movement Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, NORWAY.
Tara L WalkerClem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.
Mia SchaumbergSchool of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, AUSTRALIA.
Helene Haugen BergThe Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY.
Dorthe StensvoldThe Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY.
Atefe R TariThe Cardiac Exercise Research Group at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NORWAY.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with better cognition in older adults. However, the long-term associations between CRF levels and cognitive outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between baseline CRF, changes in CRF (from baseline to year 1 and year 3) and cognition in older adults.

methodsWe included 770 cognitively healthy older adults (367 females; mean age: 72.0 ± 2 years at baseline) from the Generation 100 Study. All participants had complete data on CRF and important confounding factors (age, sex, educational attainment, and self-rated memory at baseline). CRF was measured directly as peak oxygen uptake using ergospirometry. Cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) 3-, 5-, and 10 years after baseline. Linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship between CRF at baseline, changes in CRF, and MoCA score over time.

resultsThe mean MoCA score at 3-, 5-, 10-year follow up was 25.3, 25.0, and 24.8, respectively. Higher baseline CRF predicted 0.06 higher MoCA score at year 3 (95% CI: 0.02-0.09) and 0.07 at year 5 (95% CI: 0.03-0.11) but was not associated with MoCA score at year 10 (β: 0.02, 95% CI: -0.02 to 0.06). Neither 1-year nor 3-year changes in CRF were associated with MoCA scores at any later time points.

conclusionsChanges in CRF over 1 and 3 years were not associated with cognition in healthy older adults. However, higher baseline CRF was linked to better cognition up to 5 years later, suggesting that achieving and maintaining an age-relative high CRF before entering the 8th decade of life might benefit cognitive aging.

Indexed as

Cardiorespiratory FitnessCognitionAgedFemaleFollow-Up StudiesHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMental Status and Dementia TestsOxygen ConsumptionCARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESSCOGNITIONMONTREAL COGNITIVE ASSESSMENTSOLDER ADULTS

Identifiers

PMID41330544
PMCPMC12965818

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.