ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2025
Analyzing first aid in textbooks used by non-medical and paramedical students in Nepal: A need of further attention for snakebite management!
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- First-aid, pre-hospital care, and harmful indigenous practices in pediatric snakebite envenomation: A systematic review of global evidence from 1973 to 2025.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Snakebite envenomation and community responses in an Amazonian floodplain: Public health and ethnobiological perspectives.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
backgroundDespite the remarkable burden of snakebite envenoming (SBE) and placement of public health importance of SBE at global and national levels, a huge gap still exists in the first aid of snakebites. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the currently used textbooks to know improvements in advising standard first aid of snakebites in textbooks used in Nepalese schools and universities after a similar study published in 2013. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL
findingsWe evaluated 46 recently edited textbooks used for teaching safety and first aid in Nepal during January-April 2024 involving thematic analytical approach. We performed an analytical review of safety and first aid in textbook. The counts of harmful or useless advice for first aid significantly decreased [p < 0.001] and standard first aid significantly increased [p < 0.001]. But, the proportions of advice for emergency transport, and going to an appropriate healthcare facility provided with anti-snake venom (RAFA) negligibly increased [p = 0.367 (right)]. However, 6-75% errors reflected the persistent use of teaching materials containing non-recommended first aid measures. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Therefore, it is essential to update these textbooks including evidence-based, standard first aid for snakebites to increase the advice for appropriate care of snakebites at pre-hospital condition. We suggest authors revising those textbooks including the advice for application of pressure-immobilization bandaging (PIB) and local compression-pad immobilization (LCPI) by trained first aider and other first aid that can be applied by general people. PIB delays the onset of systemic neurotoxic venom effects due to krait bites. LCPI delays systemic venom effects and minimize local toxicity (i.e., destruction of tissue at the site of the bite) due to cobra and all viperid snake venoms.
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