Evaluation of kinesiophobia, central sensitization, and related factors in patients with gout: a cross-sectional study.

objectiveTo determine the prevalence of kinesiophobia and central sensitization and the association of kinesiophobia and central sensitization with clinical variables in patients with gout.

methodThis cross-sectional study included patients with gout and age- and gender-matched individuals. All participants were assessed by using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Disease-related clinical variables, Gout Activity Score (GAS), and Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) were also recorded.

resultsThe frequency of kinesiophobia and central sensitization in patients with gout was 62.3% and 33.8%, respectively. TSK, CSI, and HADS scores were higher, and SF-36 and IPAQ-SF scores were lower in patients with gout than in controls. Patients with kinesiophobia statistically had higher GAS, CSI, HADS, and HAQ-DI scores and lower subscores of SF-36 (except emotional role) and total IPAQ-SF scores than the non-kinesiophobia group. GAS, TSK, HADS, and HAQ-DI scores were found to be higher, and SF-36 and total IPAQ-SF scores were lower in patients with central sensitization compared to those without central sensitization. TSK and CSI scores had significant positive correlations with each other (ρ = 0.650) and with pain, GAS, HADS-D, HADS-A, and HAQ-DI scores (ρ ranged from 0.414 to 0.702). According to the regression analyses, the CSI score appeared to determine the severity of kinesiophobia.

conclusionsKinesiophobia and central sensitization frequently accompany patients with gout. These were associated with increased pain intensity, decreased quality of life, impaired emotional health, functionality, and physical activity. Key Points • The frequency of central sensitization and kinesiophobia accompanying patients with gout is considerable. • Mental health plays a fundamental role in influencing  central sensitization in gout. • Central sensitization was independently associated with kinesiophobia. • These close associations lead to challenges in optimizing management, functionality, physical activity level, and quality of life in gout.