ArticleInfection prevention in practice2025
Evaluation of hand hygiene implementation in hospitals in the post-war Tigray region of Ethiopia, using the WHO Hand Hygiene Self-Assessment Framework.
Article in Infection prevention in practice, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Assessment of infection prevention and control in public hospitals in the post war Tigray region of Ethiopia using the WHO Infection Prevention and Control Assessment Framework (IPCAF).Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among health personnel worldwide. The World Health Organization's (WHO) multi-modal hand hygiene tool has shown inadequate hand hygiene levels in various sub-Saharan countries. We have applied it here to describe the hand hygiene level in public health facilities in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2024 in all accessible public health facilities. An interview-based WHO hand hygiene self-assessment framework (HHSAF) tool was used for data collection. Descriptive analyses and independent Results: A total of 33 facilities (two referral, 10 general, and 21 primary hospitals) from six accessible zones of Tigray participated in the survey. The mean age of the respondents was 35 years (SD: 8) with a mean service duration of nine years (SD: 7). Most respondents were infection prevention and control (IPC) focal persons (66.7%), followed by chief executive officers (9.1%). The overall HHSAF score was 126 (range: 15-318), indicating a basic hand hygiene level. Seventeen facilities (51.5%) had inadequate hand hygiene levels, 13 (39.4%) had basic hand hygiene level, three (9.1%) had an intermediate hand hygiene level, and none had an advanced hand hygiene level. Conclusions: Hand hygiene levels were unsatisfactory in post-war Tigray and were limited across all zones and types of facility, posing an increased risk of infection for healthcare personnel. Improvements in hand hygiene practices and IPC capacity building are essential to prevent healthcare-associated infections. Longitudinal research on hand hygiene level monitoring is recommended.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.