ReviewJournal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR2025
The YYR (YY1- RKIP) Regulatory Axis in the pathogenesis of Cancer and Immune Evasion.
Review in Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) and the Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) represent two molecular entities with diametrically opposed roles in cancer biology. They are key modulators of multiple cellular processes, including apoptosis, metastasis, and cell survival. YY1 functions predominantly as an oncogenic driver, promoting tumorigenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immune evasion, and resistance to chemo-immuno-therapy. In contrast, RKIP acts as a metastasis suppressor and chemo-immuno-sensitizer, inhibiting critical oncogenic signaling pathways. The inverse correlation between high YY1 and low RKIP expressions has been observed across various malignancies (such as prostate cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, hematologic malignancies, etc.), suggesting a tightly regulated molecular axis influencing tumor progression and therapeutic response. This review systematically examines the contrasting roles of YY1 and RKIP in cancer pathogenesis (e.g. cell proliferation and cell cycle, angiogenesis, immune cells infiltration and immunosuppressive TME, check point inhibitors, resistance to apoptosis, cell energetics, etc.). Based on their opposing activities, we propose the term YYR-the YY1-RKIP regulatory network- to explain the interplay. YYR captures the bidirectional and context-dependent nature of their relationship for understanding transcriptional programming, immune suppression, tumor aggressiveness, and therapeutic resistance in cancer.
conclusionUnderstanding the dynamics of the YYR axis may offer new insights into prognostic markers and therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring tumor suppressor function and overcoming treatment resistance. Accordingly, we explore potential therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting YYR.
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