ArticleBMC geriatrics2025
Cognitive impairment among older adults' pilgrims during Hajj: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and associated factors.
Article in BMC geriatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Deployed national healthcare services in Hajj mass gathering settings: emergency department experience of Makkah Diyanet Hospital during the 2025 Hajj period.BMC emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Comorbidity status and stress levels during the 2024 Hajj season: A Logistic regression analysis of Hajj pilgrims in North Sumatra.Journal of family & community medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHajj, one of the largest annual religious gatherings, attracts millions of Muslim pilgrims globally, with a significant proportion being older adults. Cognitive impairment, encompassing mild cognitive decline to dementia, is a prevalent condition among older adults and can significantly affect their ability to participate in the physically and mentally demanding rituals of Hajj. Despite its implications, data on the prevalence and associated factors of cognitive impairment among pilgrims remain limited.
objectiveThis study aimed to assess the prevalence of cognitive impairment among older adults Hajj pilgrims and to explore its associations with demographic, linguistic, and medical history variables.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted during the 1445 Hijri Calander (2024 AD) Hajj season in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 3,111 pilgrims aged 60 years and older were recruited using multistage sampling. Data were collected through bilingual (Arabic and English) face-to-face interviews, employing the validated Ascertain Dementia 8 (AD8) screening tool. Additional data included demographic characteristics, health conditions, medication use, and cognitive challenges. Statistical analyses included Chi-square tests, logistic regression, and descriptive summaries to determine significant predictors of cognitive impairment.
resultsThe prevalence of positive cognitive screening impairment was 64.0%, with a mean AD8 score of 3.09 ± 2.68. Participants aged 80 years and above exhibited the highest prevalence (78.5%), followed by those aged 70-79 years (67.2%) and 60-69 years (58.4%) (p < 0.001). Urdu-speaking individuals (OR: 2.132, 95% CI: 1.018-4.468), Nigerian nationality (OR: 7.594, 95% CI: 1.951-29.555), and Southeast Asia clusters (p = 0.033, OR: 2.086, 95% CI: 1.059-4.108) had a significantly higher prevalence of cognitive impairment by screening. Chronic conditions such as diabetes (OR: 1.839, p < 0.001), hypertension (OR: 2.420, p < 0.001), and hyperlipidemia (OR: 1.446, p = 0.001) were significantly associated with cognitive impairment positive screening along with prior cognitive impairment disorders diagnosis (OR: 2.367, p = 0.038). Participants who reported difficulties with remembering appointments (40.3%) and managing finances (34.6%) were more likely to exhibit cognitive impairment positive screening.
conclusionProbable cognitive impairment positive screening among older adults Hajj pilgrims was significantly associated with clinical factors including diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, prior diagnosis of cognitive impairment disorders, and informant-based reporting. These findings underscore the importance of pre-travel cognitive assessments, targeted health interventions, and culturally sensitive support services to ensure safe and inclusive participation. This study provides crucial evidence to guide future healthcare policies and interventions aimed at supporting older adults' pilgrims.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.