Trial reportBrain topography2025
Microstate-based Neurofeedback in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Population: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial.
Trial report in Brain topography, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Detecting and Improving Human Cognitive State in Real-Time Using Data-Driven Adaptive Systems: A Systematic Review.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Neurofeedback (NFB) therapy based on spectral neuromarkers of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has faced challenges regarding its efficacy and replicability. In this study, we investigate whether a microstate-based EEG marker, recently implicated in ADHD, could serve as a novel target for neurofeedback. Emerging research suggests that ADHD patients often exhibit an excess of microstate D, a state characterized by fronto-central cortical activity linked to attentional functions. This study aims to assess whether neurofeedback training can effectively modulate microstate D in adult ADHD patients, along with its short-term neurobehavioral correlates. We employed a within-subject, crossover design with 19 adults with ADHD, who participated in two counterbalanced neurofeedback sessions: one aimed at upregulating microstate D percent time coverage, and the other at downregulating it. While patients were able to volitionally increase microstate D during the upregulation session, no significant change was observed during the downregulation session. Direct comparison between the two sessions revealed that online control of microstate D was specific to the closed-loop feedback, rather than merely task engagement. No short-term effects of the neurofeedback sessions were observed. No moderate nor major adverse effects were reported. Despite lack of statistical power, this study provides controlled indicationfor the specificity and safety of neurofeedback training based on microstate D in adult ADHD patients. Although the short-term design did not yield clinical improvements, the findings demonstrate the feasibility of microstate-based neurofeedback protocols in a clinical population and offer valuable technical and methodological insights for designing futur studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.